Job-Safety-Analysis
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Deadly accidents happen
to experienced mariners
when they become complacent.
When done right, a job
safety analysis, or JSA,
will snap you out
of complacency,
help you to maintain
situational awareness,
and remind you to plan ahead.
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JSA takes many forms
and goes by many names.
But whether it is called Job
Hazard Analysis or Job Risk
Analysis, the
purpose is the same--
keeping yourself
safe by considering
what could go
wrong ahead of time
and keeping it from happening.
Think of a job safety
analysis as the safety version
of setting up your toolbox.
If you go to a plumbing job and
you don't have a pipe wrench,
all you have are
screwdrivers, you're
not going to get the job done.
JSA is more than a meeting
required by management.
It is the easiest way to
prepare for work ahead of time.
It highlights what you need to
know to make your job safer,
easier, and more efficient.
I think we're all pretty
good about looking around
us and seeing hazards.
I guess the important part
of looking at the hazard
is it's not just
acknowledging that it's there.
It's the second part
of the JSA, really,
is getting people mobilized
to go out and do something
about it.
In this program, we will examine
the process of job safety
analysis, address how to
conduct a risk assessment,
identify the three kinds of
controls use to mitigate risks,
discuss when to stop
work and revise a JSA,
highlight record keeping
and its importance,
and review a case study
from start to finish.
For many people, a JSA is
just a piece of paper work--
a standard form that management
requires crew to fill out
before they start their job.
But this misses the point.
Job safety analysis is a process
of planning and communication.
The purpose of the form
is to record the process,
provide proof that
the JSA took place,
and preserve what was
learned for future use.
They ask the crew to fill
out all kinds of paperwork.
And they're very ineffective.
What I've seen to
be most effective
is when they set these
up where the form is just
to capture good information,
to help management support them
with good control measures.
And it's more about facilitating
the conversation with the crew
than it is to having them
just fill out the same form
every time.
I think the critical
components of a JSA
really involve
communication, number one,
so everyone can
talk about what's
going to happen that day
and the work task involved.
And then it identifies
the work hazards,
how to reduce those hazards
or eliminate those hazards,
and what proper personal
protective equipment
is needed to work safely.
Job safety analysis
is a two-way process
of communication and planning.
Think of it is a conversation
between all crew involved.
Communication and planning are
a big part of the job safety
analysis, because it's really
about having people safely
engage with this
activity so that they
stay as safe as possible.
If you are on board
the vessel and you're
going to be going
to perform this job,
then you kind of discuss
amongst yourselves
as a crew-- you know, the
steps can be really quick.
It can take less
than five minutes.
You're just having conversation.
This is what we're going to do.
What do we have to be aware of?
What can we do to mitigate our
risk in performing this job?
JSA essay provides
an opportunity
to ask questions and
give feedback or advice.
Every crew member has
a different viewpoint.
And by discussing a job ahead
of time, everyone can benefit.
We require the entire crew to
be involved in the JSA process.
From the captain of the
vessel all the way down
to the deckhand,
everyone has input.
And communication is the key.
Your input as an employee
is very important
because, ultimately,
it's the protection
for you and your coworkers.
To have everybody speak
up from their perspective,
encourage that conversation, and
it's a great opportunity when
you're going through a JSA is to
hear from maybe the new person
that's on board,
because they may have
a totally different
outlook than someone who's
been there for quite some time.
So it really helps with
that type of exchange
between people
less knowledgeable
and those who are
more knowledgeable.
JSAs look very different
depending on job sites.
But they all have the same
three essential parts--
identifying the steps of a
job, the potential dangers
at each step, and how best
to avoid those dangers.
So the JSA is different
with every company.
I've never seen where a JSA is
consistent across the board,
other than the fact that
they are addressing risk.
They're addressing hazards.
But how and what
form they use varies.
When employees are going
through the steps on a JSA,
they start from the
beginning and actually
talk through the
process, and actually
communicate amongst
themselves the different steps
to be taken.
And then they fill
in the hazards
and the PPE that's required.
Ask yourself, who
will be working?
What will they be doing?
And where will they be doing it?
For each step that you identify,
consider what could go wrong
and what has gone wrong before.
Consider the complexity of
the job, level of training,
and the extent that
the participating crew
members are rested or fatigued.
Always consider changes
in environment and working
conditions.
The same job might require very
different safety precautions
at night than it
does during the day.
From weather to waves,
a lot can change at sea.
So every job should
be approached fresh.
Environmental
conditions are just one
of the variables that should be
addressed in the initial JSA.
You should look at weather.
You should look at
geography, all those things--
the environment, whether dust
is created, all those things.
That should be part
of the initial.
So you shouldn't have to
go along and say, oops,
we didn't consider this.
Let's stop and consider it now.
It should be done at
the very beginning.
JSA exists to minimize risk.
Simple jobs that involve
little or no risk
do not always require one.
Risk assessment is the
process of determining
whether a particular
task requires a JSA.
Ask yourself, how
likely is an accident?
And how serious would
it be if there was one?
Always give proper
care to high risk jobs.
If you're doing a
task and there's
a potential for injury in
any way, shape, or form, then
you should do a job
safety analysis on it
and figure out what
could go wrong,
and how to mitigate that, or
prevent it from happening.
What companies are
doing now on the form
is to look at it from
a severity standpoint.
So you could actually
score the different areas
that you see as risk.
And those that have the
most significant score
are the ones that you
want to address first.
Once a potential danger has
been identified, control it.
The three types of controls
for workplace hazards
could be broken down into
engineering controls,
administrative controls, and
personal protective equipment.
Engineering controls are any
physical changes made to a work
site to make it a safer place.
So engineering
controls basically
means any technique for
isolating or controlling
the hazard at its source.
So the focus is on the hazard,
and managing the hazard
rather than managing the people.
For example, if it's as simple
as putting some type of a mat
on the floor if
someone's having to stand
for long periods of time,
from an ergonomic standpoint
that really helps.
Ventilation versus having
to wear a respirator
is always a good choice.
From the engineering
side, we can alter the way
that we actually do things
by moving tools, equipment,
or actually temporary
services that will actually
accommodate the work to
be done in a safe manner.
Administrative controls are any
changes in policy or procedure
that are put in place to help
people work in a safer way.
And then we're
going to couple that
with good policies and
procedures, which are
your administrative controls.
We're going to have training.
We're going to visit
with the crew members,
and kind of take a look.
And all these things
factored in help
to make a better environment.
Administrative
fixes or mitigations
are more represented
by procedures
that, yes, if you have
removable handrails on a barge,
you're supposed to
put those handrails up
before working on that barge.
And it's following
those procedures
that's critical as well.
Engineering and
administrative controls
should always be used first
because they are what keep
a worksite safe for everyone.
Personal protective equipment,
or PPE, is very effective.
But it is always the
last line of defense.
It can only protect the
person who is using it.
The best way to protect
someone on a job site
is always to remove
the danger entirely,
rather than trying
to reduce its impact.
And then the last
resort control is PPE--
personal protective equipment.
So they do what they can with
engineering controls and work
practices.
And then whatever
hazards are left
that might be an
exposure to the worker,
they put on special protective
clothing, or gloves,
or respirators, and so on.
And so that's where
your hard hats come in.
That's where your eye
protection comes in.
That's where your respiratory
protection comes in.
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Sometimes conditions change,
bringing new potential dangers
to the job site.
When that happens,
stop work immediately
and revisit the JSA process.
It does not have to take long.
A quick conversation
can be all that you
need to get back on track.
Consider stopping work if
environmental conditions
change, a new crew member
is introduced to the job,
or if there is a near
miss-- a potential accident
which was narrowly avoided.
If you're in the
middle of an activity,
such as trying to moor
a ship in tough weather,
certainly, you might
have to just cease-- stop
in the middle of that activity.
If conditions
change that are not
addressed in the original
job safety analysis then
it might be time to regroup,
retool, re-equip, retrain,
if the conditions haven't
been addressed yet
in the current JSA.
Well, if you have,
let's say, introduction
of a new piece of equipment
to a certain process that
is part of the
JSA, you don't have
to rewrite the whole process.
But you have to
look at the change
and see how that's
going to affect
that individual, or
the employees that
are working in that process.
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Planning for safety extends
beyond the immediate needs
of the task at hand.
By carefully archiving JSAs and
periodically reviewing them,
companies keep their
safety practices up to date
and make sure that
everyone in their fleet
has the full benefit
of the best knowledge
and experience available.
Well, what happens
with the JSA as far
as looking at
historical events--
whether they be incidents
or near misses--
is you can really take it one
step further faster as far
as saying, OK, what didn't work?
It's all continual improvement.
And if we can have good lessons
learned from past events,
we can incorporate those into
mitigating our risk with more
effective control measures.
Existing JSA forms
can be revised.
If an accident or
near miss occurs,
revise the JSA to keep
it from happening again.
JSA record keeping is
vital if there is ever
an accident investigation.
Whenever an investigator
looks into an accident,
they try to determine if
procedures are flawed,
or if they were not
followed correctly.
Having a current JSA on hand
helps determine what went wrong
and-- just as important--
prove what was done correctly.
The JSA would be part of
the accident investigation.
Is there a JSA for this task
where this thing happened?
OK, there is.
What did it say?
Were they following this?
Yes, they were.
OK, was it good enough?
Did they cover everything
in the initial?
NO, we need to add this,
that, or the other thing.
That's the review
process I spoke
about when an incident occurs.
It's part of the accident
investigation or incident
investigation.
And you look at
all the variables,
and all the administrative
controls in place,
and procedures.
And you say, OK, was it good?
Or do we need to make it better?
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Now that you've
learned the process,
let's walk through the
JSA from start to finish.
First, the crew conducts a
pre-work meeting using a JSA
form to document the meeting.
All involved personnel attend.
They determine specific
steps for performing the job,
including specific
mooring stations to use.
They discuss hazards, concerns,
and controls associated
with every step of the job.
The following is a list of
potential hazards-- impact
injuries from heaving lines,
overexposure to weather
conditions, back strain
from heavy lifting,
pinch point bites in
the line, snapback.
After reviewing all
potential hazards,
the crew discusses engineering
and administrative controls.
Use deck winches and
soft impact heaving lines
as much as possible.
Maintain sufficient
work distance from bits.
Be aware of line
movement under strain.
Be aware of danger zones,
and establish safety zones.
Then they discuss
what PPE should
be used-- PFDs, hard hats,
safety shoes, work gloves.
The captain discusses
the environmental concern
of oil-soaked lines
dipping in the water
and determines that the
control is to remove
oil-soaked line from services.
Every one participates
during the pre-work meeting.
Experienced personnel
express what to look for
and how the job should go.
Inexperienced personnel ask
questions about certain steps
they are unfamiliar with.
They also discuss the
forms of communication
to be used during the evolution.
Once all crew members feel
comfortable with the upcoming
job, the meeting is adjourned.
And they prepare for work.
The JSA form is archived.
The crew begins to
perform the task.
Shortly after work
commences, the mooring team
noticed that the
intended roller chalk
is insufficient for
the current job.
And the supervisor orders
the team to stop work.
The supervisor communicates
the issue to the captain.
And the two of them
determine to use
a different, better-suited
roller chalk.
The mooring team's supervisor
goes over the change
with the mooring team.
Once everyone is informed of the
change, they re-commence work.
This change is also
updated to the JSA form,
or a new form is
generated and archived.
The task is completed.
And all crew members involved
meet for a debriefing
where they discuss
how the task went.
What worked?
What didn't?
Was there anything
out of the ordinary?
The meeting is a
learning experience,
and is documented for
record keeping purposes.
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To recap, remember that
JSA is more than a form.
It's a conversation.
Perform a risk assessment to
determine the need for a JSA.
The three types of
controls are engineering
controls, administrative
controls, and PPE.
Control and avoid
potential dangers
by making physical
changes to the work site,
altering policy or procedures,
and/or by donning proper PPE.
When conditions
change, stop work
and revisit the JSA process.
Archive JSAs, and keep records
up to date for future use.
Safety is everybody's business.
A lot can happen at sea
if you're not careful.
Staying mindful
and working smart
can mean the difference between
a long, productive career
and a debilitating injury.
Job safety analysis is
the most effective method
at your disposal to
make sure everyone you
work with is on the same page.
Pay attention, participate,
plan ahead, the question you ask
could save you or a
shipmate from serious harm.
Safety regulations really
are written in blood.
The workers have been killed,
or been injured, or gotten sick
on the job.
And a GSA, or standard
operating procedures,
are ways to prevent that.
And those are kind of where
a lot of those regulations
come from.
JSAs-- they're worth the
time to do them right.
Pay attention to the
details ahead of time,
and you'll stay safe.
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